The differences in survival among patients based on age and sex were insignificant. Patient age exhibited unimodal distribution, with the mean age being 46.3 years (range, 8–71 years). ![]() The study sample included 21 (60.0%) male and 14 (40.0%) female patients. The clinical and demographic data of the patients are summarized in Table 2. The eligibility criteria for this study were histologically verified diagnosis of ENB, treatment received entirely at our institution, Clinical characteristics 2016-0879-001) of the Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea, which waived the need for informed patient consent. This study was approved by the institutional review board (No. ![]() Participants were selected upon reviewing the medical records of patients diagnosed with ENB at the Severance Hospital, Seoul, Korea, between January 1985 and December 2015. The objective of this study was to re-assess the outcomes of different surgical methods among patients diagnosed with ENB at a single institution over a 31-year period, with emphasis on changes in surgical treatment with regard to endoscopic approaches. Furthermore, because of the recent advances in endoscopic techniques and instruments, such as the use of image-guided surgery (IGS) (Benoit et al., 2009, Ramakrishnan et al., 2013, Al-Qudah, 2015), a purely endoscopic approach, without the transcranial approach, has been attempted for tumor resection in the anterior skull base.ĭata regarding the initial part of the present study were published in 2007 (Kim et al., 2008). In recent times, the endonasal approach using an endoscope has been used as a universal surgical route, as an alternative to the open transfacial approach (Casiano et al., 2001, Devaiah et al., 2003). However, CFR has serious limitations in terms of high rates of recurrence (locoregional as well as long-range metastasis) and postoperative complications, including cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage, frontal abscess, pneumocephalus, hydrocephalus, intracranial hemorrhage, extended hospital stay, and cosmetic issues. ![]() Because of their rarity of occurrence, a universally accepted staging system for these tumors is unavailable, leading to several opinions regarding their origin, diagnosis, management, and treatment outcomes.īased on the findings of a limited number of studies, the gold standard for treatment of ENB is craniofacial resection (CFR) followed by adjuvant radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy (Lund et al., 2003, Smee et al., 2011). The biological behavior of this tumor ranges from indolent growth, with patients surviving for over 10 years, to highly aggressive growth, characterized by local recurrence, atypical distant metastasis, and less than a few months of survival (Levine et al., 1999, Dulguerov et al., 2001, Constantinidis et al., 2004). Although there have been no precise epidemiological studies, ENB has been reported to account for 2–6% of sinonasal malignant tumors (Berger et al., 1924, Rimmer et al., 2014). However, only two terms are used in current publications to indicate this tumor type, namely, ENB and olfactory neuroblastoma. ![]() Uncertainty regarding its exact cellular origin has led to the tumor being assigned various names. Esthesioneuroblastoma (ENB) is an extremely rare malignant tumor originating in the cribriform plate, superior turbinate, or superior nasal septum.
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